What is the destiny of the unrighteous? Christians over the centuries have put forward three major options: eternal conscious torment (traditionalism), temporary torment followed by salvation (universalism), temporary torment followed by destruction (annihilationism). In this lecture we’ll cover the main texts supporting the annihilation of the wicked as well as three logical problems with the traditional view.
—— Notes ——
Understanding Immortality
Gen 2.17
what was the original consequence for sin that God promised? death!
Gen 3.19, 22-23 expelled from tree of life
Gen 5.5 Adam died
from the beginning the punishment for sin was death
proof
1 only God is immortal by nature (1 Tim 1.17;15-16)
2 humans are by nature mortal (will not by default live forever)
3 God gives the saved immortality
through the gospel (2 Tim 1.9-10)
through resurrection (1 Cor 15.52-53)
therefore damned will not be immortal (John 3.16; Rom 6.23[1]; 1 John 5.11-12)
Biblical Language of Destruction
Psalm 37 uses terms to describe the fate of the wicked
v2
wither quickly like the grass
v9
cut off
v10
be no more
v20
perish
v20
vanish like smoke
v22
cut off
v27
reward for good is to live forever
v28
cut off
v34
cut off
v36
passed away
Mal 4.1-3 day is coming that will set them ablaze, they’ll be ashes under your feet
Mat 3.12 burn up chaff [wicked] w/ unquenchable fire
unquenchable = cannot be put out until it consumes the fuel
Jer 7.20: God’s wrath is unquenchable, so he tells Jer to stop praying…but after the Babylonians destroyed Jerusalem and carried the people into exile, his wrath ended
Mat 7.13-14 narrow gate leads to life; broad way leads to destruction
Mat 10.28 destroy body and soul in hell
Hades = greek for Sheol = realm of dead (the grave)
Gehenna = valley of Hinnom = burning garbage dump where they used to sacrifice children to Moloch that Jesus used as an analogy for the final judgment
Mat 13.40-42 all law-breakers thrown into fiery furnace
“weeping and gnashing of teeth” indicates anger not suffering
see Luke 13.28: weeping & gnashing b/c you see Abr. Is. Jac. in kingdom but yourselves cast out
Mat 18.8-9 better to enter life crippled than to be thrown into eternal fire (hell of fire)
life contrasted with fire
Mat 25.46 eternal punishment vs. eternal life
punishment that lasts forever not that is experienced forever (death penalty is irreversible)
Heb 5.9 eternal salvation: process of saving was finite but outcome lasts forever
Heb 9.12 eternal redemption: process of redeeming was finite but outcome lasts forever
Gal 6.8
sow to the flesh -> reap corruption
sow to the spirit -> reap eternal life
Heb 10.26-27 those who go on sinning will get a fury of fire that will consume
2 Peter 2.6 Sodom&Gomorrah condemned to extinction as example of what happens to ungodly
2 Peter 3.6-7 future destruction is like Noah’s flood
Jud 1.6-7 Sodom & Gomorrah are an example in undergoing the punishment of eternal fire
inhabitants of S&G were violently slain by fire
Atonement
Romans 5.6 “Christ died for the ungodly”
1 Corinthians 15.3 “Christ died for our sins”
1 Peter 3.18 “Christ also suffered once for sins…being put to death in the flesh”
it was not his ongoing suffering that atoned, but his death
Jesus’ bore the punishment for our sins
Jesus’ punishment involved torture and death
if the true punishment for sin is eternal torment, then Jesus did not bear even close to the punishment for even one person
if the punishment for sin is death, then living forever in a fire wouldn’t make sense
Character of God
what does it say about God that he cannot find satisfaction unless he tortures conscious, intelligent beings forever in unending agony?
isn’t that the worst possible thing you could possibly imagine?
this is all allegedly b/c his infinite holiness is infinitely offended
but the greater someone is, the more they can let things go
What kind of God sets up the universe so that those who reject him suffer torture with agonizing shrieks of pain in unending pain?
Proportional Justice
the whole idea of justice is equity (think of a balance)
Prov 11.1 God hates a false balance
if someone committed nothing but evil for 50 years, what should his punishment be?
if after 1,000 years, that person is not nearly complete w/ his punishment, how is that just?
Great podcast. There is so much positive in what you say, I hesitate offer any any critique. But permit me…
As you mention, the word Gehenna is a Greek transliteration of the Aramaic/Hebrew “Gei–Hinnom”, the “Valley of Hinnom” which defines Jerusalem’s western and southern sides. Although the “burning refuse” description is a favorite for tour guides and pastors, Gehenna has nothing to do with a continual burning of garbage in the Valley of Hinnom during the time of Jesus. This idea of continual garbage burning appears first from a medieval Jewish commentator, David Kimchi (ca. AD 1200), but it is wrong. Here is why:
1. Garbage that burns is a relatively recent phenomenon. One look in a modern trash can shows that our garbage sure would make a nice fire as it is made up mostly of paper and plastic. But it is all recent “junk”. Most garbage in the Second Temple Period (the time of Jesus) would not have the same flammable character: broken pot shards, some food scraps, etc., but many of these items would be used secondarily (e.g., food scraps for animal feed).
2. Most items that would burn in the Second Temple Period would be used for controlled heating. Firewood-type material was a valuable commodity.
3. As mentioned above, there is no evidence in contemporaneous Second Temple Period sources of a refuse fire constantly burning in the Hinnom Valley. The idea apparently originates from Rabbi David Kimchi’s commentary on Psalm 27 which dates to over 1000 years after Jesus (ca. AD 1200).
4. There is no archaeological evidence of a continually burning fire from the 2nd Temple (or any other) Period.
5. Jerusalem receives an average of more than 20 inches of rainfall a year, and it all comes in a period of about four months (Dec-March). During these months the rain can come down in sheets for days at a time. Nothing outside would keep burning.
6. During the long dry summer, if a fire started in the Hinnom Valley or anywhere else in the land of Israel, people would immediately put it out, as there would be a danger of a spreading brush fire.
We need to look no further than the Bible for why Gai-Hiinnom (Gehenna) came to be the perfect example of how God will judge and purge sin from this earth with a relatively quick, but devastating, judgment. The people of Israel were sacrificing their children to a pagan god in this valley. This activity is the epitome of how far man can stray from God. God said – “I will destroy it…This sin will be stopped…I will make it a valley of slaughter…and their dead bodies will be food for the birds of the air” (Jeremiah 7:31-33, 19:4-7).
Hi, thanks so much for the clear and biblical presentations. Just a thought on the web page… can you lock the media player up the top? So when scrolling down to follow the text, one can still pause the player easily.
Sean mentioned a question a listener had about (perhaps pertaining to a different episode) who the righteous would rule on the earth during the millenium, and he answered vaguely, that maybe all the “saints” resurrected would rule one another. That really surprised me. The Scriptures make it clear the nations will all be resurrected, all the dead, good and bad, and they will stream to Zion and get instruction. “And the nations will beat their swords into ploughshares … and they will learn war no more … the lion will eat straw like the bull …” (Isa 2, 11)There are 10 passages in the gospels in which Jesus speaks about what it will be like during his rule, when the people of Sodom and Gommorah, the doubters of Jesus’s day, the queen of Sheba, etc. will all be living together in the kingdom on earth under Christ’s rule (“The queen of the South will rise up at the judgment with this generation and condemn it.” – Matt12:42). Jesus said those who lived in Sodom will shame those who witnessed Jesus in that day. It’s very clear from the Bible that this learning war no more and “getting with the program” is a process that will take 1,000 years, and at the end, many will choose, still, to turn against Christ and God and side with the devil. The idea that only a small (tiny) number of people who have ever lived on this planet (those who make it through the tribulation) will be the ones to live in the kingdom under the rule of Christ and the saints is portraying a God who is completely unfair. It implies that all those who never knew Christ or had the opportunity to believe in him or who didn’t have the luck of being born at the end of this system don’t get resurrected and don’t get an opportunity to learn about Christ and accept him as king. He will rule the nations with an iron rod. Psalm 110:2: “Rule in the midst of your enemies.”
I’d love to hear a podcast discussing those 10 passages that no preacher or teacher ever teaches on. I always wonder why something Jesus spoke in depth about is ignored. I like to say: “How many times does Jesus have to say something before people will listen?” The kingdom, clearly, is going to be a wild time, with all the “wicked” resurrected along with the “good.” The works they do in that period is what they will be judged on in the end (written in those books), as they will have paid the wages for sin with their prior death (so none of their prior works will be counted). No wonder Jesus is going to have the millions (??) of saints ruling as kings and priests on thrones in the kingdom with him. There is a lot of work to be done!
Great podcast. There is so much positive in what you say, I hesitate offer any any critique. But permit me…
As you mention, the word Gehenna is a Greek transliteration of the Aramaic/Hebrew “Gei–Hinnom”, the “Valley of Hinnom” which defines Jerusalem’s western and southern sides. Although the “burning refuse” description is a favorite for tour guides and pastors, Gehenna has nothing to do with a continual burning of garbage in the Valley of Hinnom during the time of Jesus. This idea of continual garbage burning appears first from a medieval Jewish commentator, David Kimchi (ca. AD 1200), but it is wrong. Here is why:
1. Garbage that burns is a relatively recent phenomenon. One look in a modern trash can shows that our garbage sure would make a nice fire as it is made up mostly of paper and plastic. But it is all recent “junk”. Most garbage in the Second Temple Period (the time of Jesus) would not have the same flammable character: broken pot shards, some food scraps, etc., but many of these items would be used secondarily (e.g., food scraps for animal feed).
2. Most items that would burn in the Second Temple Period would be used for controlled heating. Firewood-type material was a valuable commodity.
3. As mentioned above, there is no evidence in contemporaneous Second Temple Period sources of a refuse fire constantly burning in the Hinnom Valley. The idea apparently originates from Rabbi David Kimchi’s commentary on Psalm 27 which dates to over 1000 years after Jesus (ca. AD 1200).
4. There is no archaeological evidence of a continually burning fire from the 2nd Temple (or any other) Period.
5. Jerusalem receives an average of more than 20 inches of rainfall a year, and it all comes in a period of about four months (Dec-March). During these months the rain can come down in sheets for days at a time. Nothing outside would keep burning.
6. During the long dry summer, if a fire started in the Hinnom Valley or anywhere else in the land of Israel, people would immediately put it out, as there would be a danger of a spreading brush fire.
We need to look no further than the Bible for why Gai-Hiinnom (Gehenna) came to be the perfect example of how God will judge and purge sin from this earth with a relatively quick, but devastating, judgment. The people of Israel were sacrificing their children to a pagan god in this valley. This activity is the epitome of how far man can stray from God. God said – “I will destroy it…This sin will be stopped…I will make it a valley of slaughter…and their dead bodies will be food for the birds of the air” (Jeremiah 7:31-33, 19:4-7).
Again, thanks for the podcast lecture.
Correction on my previous comment. I wrote incorrectly that Gehenna was the Greek transliteration of Aramaic/Hebrew. I think it is only Hebrew.
Hi, thanks so much for the clear and biblical presentations. Just a thought on the web page… can you lock the media player up the top? So when scrolling down to follow the text, one can still pause the player easily.
Bill, thank you so much for this correction and your kind way of expressing disagreement. I’m convinced you’re right. We are all in this together.
Sean mentioned a question a listener had about (perhaps pertaining to a different episode) who the righteous would rule on the earth during the millenium, and he answered vaguely, that maybe all the “saints” resurrected would rule one another. That really surprised me. The Scriptures make it clear the nations will all be resurrected, all the dead, good and bad, and they will stream to Zion and get instruction. “And the nations will beat their swords into ploughshares … and they will learn war no more … the lion will eat straw like the bull …” (Isa 2, 11)There are 10 passages in the gospels in which Jesus speaks about what it will be like during his rule, when the people of Sodom and Gommorah, the doubters of Jesus’s day, the queen of Sheba, etc. will all be living together in the kingdom on earth under Christ’s rule (“The queen of the South will rise up at the judgment with this generation and condemn it.” – Matt12:42). Jesus said those who lived in Sodom will shame those who witnessed Jesus in that day. It’s very clear from the Bible that this learning war no more and “getting with the program” is a process that will take 1,000 years, and at the end, many will choose, still, to turn against Christ and God and side with the devil. The idea that only a small (tiny) number of people who have ever lived on this planet (those who make it through the tribulation) will be the ones to live in the kingdom under the rule of Christ and the saints is portraying a God who is completely unfair. It implies that all those who never knew Christ or had the opportunity to believe in him or who didn’t have the luck of being born at the end of this system don’t get resurrected and don’t get an opportunity to learn about Christ and accept him as king. He will rule the nations with an iron rod. Psalm 110:2: “Rule in the midst of your enemies.”
I’d love to hear a podcast discussing those 10 passages that no preacher or teacher ever teaches on. I always wonder why something Jesus spoke in depth about is ignored. I like to say: “How many times does Jesus have to say something before people will listen?” The kingdom, clearly, is going to be a wild time, with all the “wicked” resurrected along with the “good.” The works they do in that period is what they will be judged on in the end (written in those books), as they will have paid the wages for sin with their prior death (so none of their prior works will be counted). No wonder Jesus is going to have the millions (??) of saints ruling as kings and priests on thrones in the kingdom with him. There is a lot of work to be done!