Genesis 1.26
Then God said, “Let us make man in our image, after our likeness. And let them have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the heavens and over the livestock and over all the earth and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth.”
This passage has intrigued Bible students for millennia. To whom is God speaking here? Is he deliberating with himself? Is he using a plural of majesty? Do we find here a plurality within the one God? Mike Heiser offers the following helpful explanation.
Many Bible readers note the plural pronouns (us; our) with curiosity. They might suggest that the plurals refer to the Trinity, but technical research in Hebrew grammar and exegesis has shown that the Trinity is not a coherent explanation.
Michael S. Heiser, The Unseen Realm (Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press 2015), p. 39.
He continues in a lengthy footnote:
Seeing the Trinity in Gen 1:26 is reading the New Testament back into the old Testament, something that isn’t a sound interpretive method for discerning what an Old Testament writer was thinking. Unlike the New Testament, the Old Testament has no Trinitarian phrases (e.g., “Father, Son, and Holy Spirit”; cf Matt 28:19-20). The triune godhead idea is never transparently expressed in the Old Testament. Since…other references to divine plurality involve divine beings who are lesser than Yahweh, we must be careful about attributing the language of divine plurality to the Trinity. Doing so will get us into theological trouble in other passages….The answer to the plurality language is also not the “plural of majesty.” As Joüon-Muraoka notes, “The we of majesty does not exist in Hebrew”…The plural of majesty does exist for nouns…but Gen 1:26 is not about the nouns–the issue is the verbal forms.
ibid.
So, if Genesis 1.26 is not employing the plural of majesty or manifesting some kind of inner plurality, then what is going on? Heiser continues:
The solution is much more straightforward, one that an ancient Israelite would have readily discerned. What we have is a single person (God) addressing a group–the members of his divine council.
It’s like me going int a room of friends and saying, “Hey, let’s go get some pizza!” I’m the one speaking. A group is hearing what I say. Similarly, God comes to the divine council with an exciting announcement: “Let’s create humankind!”
But if God is speaking to his divine council here, does that suggest that humankind was created by more than one elohim? Was the creation of humankind a group project? Not at all. Back to my pizza illustration: If I am the one paying for the pizza–making the plan happen after announcing it–then I retain both the inspiration and the initiative for the entire project. That’s how Genesis 1:26 works.
ibid., pp. 39-40.
Now, this makes a lot of sense, but the question then comes up, “So are you saying that ‘angels’ helped God make the first humans?” Heiser, once again:
Genesis 1:27 tells us clearly that only God himself does the creating. In the Hebrew, all the verbs of creation in the passage are singular in form: “So God created humankind in his image, in the likeness of God he created him.” The other members of the council do not participate in the creation of humankind. They watch, just as they did when God laid the foundations of the earth (Job 37:7)
ibid.
This understanding fits like a glove with the three other “us passages” in the Hebrew Bible. Here they are for your consideration:
Genesis 3.22
Then the LORD God said, “Behold, the man has become like one of us in knowing good and evil. Now, lest he reach out his hand and take also of the tree of life and eat, and live forever– “Genesis 11.7
Come, let us go down and there confuse their language, so that they may not understand one another’s speech.”Isaiah 6.8
And I heard the voice of the Lord saying, “Whom shall I send, and who will go for us?” Then I said, “Here I am! Send me.”
In each case, God is speaking to his angelic host. He’s suggesting an action and including them in the process. We know that “the sons of God” existed before creation (Job 38.7), so it makes perfect sense that these were the ones to whom God was speaking when he said, “us” in Genesis 1.26.
For a lengthier article on this topic see “Let Us Make Man“
Thank you for the scholarship. Like many others I too have wondered who God may have spoken to. The default for many is He was speaking to Jesus in a pre human heavenly existence.
Not according to Jewish exgesis, John. See the ‘Jewish Study Bible’ (JPS Publishers).
Hello, greetings from Philippines!
As one of JW’s I was taught that too. Proverbs 30:4 and John 17:1-5 can be the passages that may support that position.
May – or may not. It all depends on exegesis, Vhan.
Hello! I am a JW too!
The fact is that Jesus really has pre-human existence. A lot of verses supports that! I will just quote John 3:13, he says that “No one has ascended into heaven except he who descended from heaven, the Son of Man.” Clearly this verse tell us that Jesus came from heaven!
For you or anyone else interested in this topic: http://thehumanjesus.org/preexistencepanel/
But is the language Literal or Metaphorical, Nonito ? Often in John’s Gospel the language is Metaphorical. Furthermore, if John 3:13 is Literal, WHEN did Jesus ascend to Heaven – was it at some point during His earthly life time (before His death), or during a pre-human existence ? We are NOT specifically told. May Yahweh God bless you.
Why do you stop at Jesus? How about you? How about me?
God was not speaking to some “divine council” as stated by the author hear. Have you heard the phrase, “LORD of hosts?” That is who He was speaking to.
Gen 2:1 KJV ” Thus the heavens and the earth, and all the host of them, were finished.”
Exo 12:40-41 KJV “Now the sojourning of the children of Israel, who dwelt in Egypt, was four hundred and thirty years. And it came to pass at the end of the four hundred and thirty years, even the selfsame day it came to pass, that all the hosts of the LORD went out from the land of Egypt.”
It seems pretty self evident to me, “the LORD of hosts” is the lord of “the hosts of the LORD, of whom were finished being created on the 6th day in the creation timeline, with some already being on the earth.
This is very intriguing.
In using the Old and New Testaments together, using scripture to help interpret scripture, is not the New Testament “king,” in that sense?
Also, is there a certain member of the Trinity that ends up being the agent of creation?
Maybe, maybe not. Could that God made Adam and Eve just to show the others how it is to be done. Rember that Cain married someone, so there were others in the world just not in the Garden of Edon. I believe that this is just one of the many topics that we will learn when we die.
Sir… I am looking for real answers backed by the bible not by your assumptions. You assume God is talking to His hosts or council where can I find that in the bible? When Jesus came and the Holy Spirit mentioned…Thats the time God as having 1 being and 3 person makes a lot of sense.
Take a look at Heiser’s explanation based on Deut 32
https://thedivinecouncil.com/Deuteronomy32OTWorldview.pdf